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Rights of Data Subjects under the GDPR

The Data Controller (“DC”) is the person who, alone or jointly, determines the purpose and means of the processing of personal data; in other words, is the person who decides why other’s personal data is processed and how it would be processed. Art. 4 (7) GDPR determines the purpose and means of the processing of Personal Data (PD).…

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Private Automatic Branch Exchange Fraud

Within the domain of Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX) fraud, various forms of financial and economic crimes can occur. PABX fraud refers to illegal practices aimed at abusing or manipulating telephone systems within an organization to gain financial advantage. Some examples of financial and economic crimes within this domain are: Toll fraud: This involves unauthorized use of an organization’s telephone lines to make international, long-distance, or premium-rate calls at the expense of the organization. This can occur through hacking the telephone system, using fraudulent access codes, or making unauthorized calls. Call forwarding fraud: This involves changing the settings of a…

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